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11.
Ichiro Ishikawa Shigeaki Aoki Ryo Furue Nobuo Suginohara 《Journal of Oceanography》1996,52(5):617-632
In recognition that similarity in the density balance leads to resemblance in circulation between the two-dimensional non-rotating and three-dimensional rotating systems which have similar density stratification, we investigate convection induced by cooling at one side wall and heating at the sea surface by using a two-dimensional non-rotating model as idealized representation for the deep Pacific circulation. In the model, various vertical profiles are taken for the side wall cooling, which are assumed to correspond to the density structure of the Anatarctic Circumpolar Current. In a small diffusivity range, two important features are found to be robust against change in the vertical profile of the side wall cooling. One is that the density stratification is horizontally almost uniform. The other is that the balance in the density equation between the vertical advection and the vertical diffusion holds in the interior. Consequently, the vertical density balance, together with the equation of continuity, determines the circulation pattern for the prescribed vertical profile of the side wall cooling. The multi-layered meridional flow, which is expected to exist in the deep Pacific, is shown to form for certain vertical profiles of the side wall cooling. 相似文献
12.
Simulation of Formation and Spreading of Salinity Minimum Associated with NPIW Using a High-Resolution Model 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
A series of numerical experiments were conducted with a high-resolution (eddy-permitting) North Pacific model to simulate
the formation and spreading of the salinity minimum associated with the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW). It was found
that two factors are required to simulate a realistic configuration of the salinity minimum: a realistic wind stress field
and small-scale disturbances. The NCEP reanalyzed wind stress data lead to better results than the Hellerman and Rosenstein
wind stress data, due to the closer location of the simulated Oyashio and Kuroshio at the western boundary. Small-scale disturbances
formed by relaxing computational diffusivity included in the advection scheme promote the large-scale isopycnal mixing between
the Oyashio and Kuroshio waters, simulating a realistic configuration of the salinity minimum. A detailed analysis of the
Oyashio water transport was carried out on the final three-year data of the experiment with reduced computational diffusivity.
Simulated transport of the Kuroshio Extension in the intermediate layer is generally smaller than the observed value, while
those of the Oyashio and the flow at the subarctic front are comparable to the observed levels. In the Oyashio-Kuroshio interfrontal
zone the zonally integrated southward transport of the Oyashio water (140–155°E) is borne by the eddy activity, though the
time-mean flow reveals the existence of a coastal Oyashio intrusion. In the eastern part (155°E–180°) the zonally integrated
transport of the Oyashio water indicates a southward peak at the southern edge of the Kuroshio Extension, which corresponds
to the branching of the recirculating flow from the Kuroshio Extension.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
State Estimation of the North Pacific Ocean by a Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Experiment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Toshiyuki Awaji Shuhei Masuda Yoichi Ishikawa Nozomi Sugiura Takahiro Toyoda Tomohiro Nakamura 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(6):931-943
A four-dimensional variational data assimilation system has been applied to an experiment to describe the dynamic state of
the North Pacific Ocean. A synthesis of available observational records and a sophisticated ocean general circulation model
produces a dynamically consistent dataset, which, in contrast to the nudging approach, provides realistic features of the
seasonally-varying ocean circulation with no artificial sources/sinks for temperature and salinity fields. This new dataset
enables us to estimate heat and water mass transports in addition to the qualification of water mass formation and movement
processes. A sensitivity experiment on our assimilation system reveals that the origin of the North Pacific Intermediate Water
can be traced back to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea in the subarctic region and to the subtropical Kuroshio region
further south. These results demonstrate that our data assimilation system is a very powerful tool for the identification
and characterization of ocean variabilities and for our understanding of the dynamic state of ocean circulation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
A shipborne wave-recording system which consists of a sonic wave gauge, accelerometers, gyroscopes and a computer system is described. Signals from the measuring apparatus are fed directly into a shipborne digital computer system at a prescribed sampling rate. The time series of wave heights and the acceleration are transformed into Fourier series using an algorithm of Fast Fourier Transform. Errors contained in the observed wave heights due to ship motion are corrected in the Fourier series by using the Fourier coefficients for the vertical acceleration. Power spectra and waveforms can also be calculated in a short time with this system from Fourier coefficients. Examples of the observational results obtained in the central part of the East China Sea in 1969 are presented. 相似文献
15.
Radiocarbon and total carbonate data were obtained near the 1973 GEOSECS stations in the North Pacific along 30°N and along 175°E between 1993 and 1994. In these stations, we estimated radiocarbon originating from atomic bomb tests using tritium, trichlorofluoromethane and silicate contents. The average penetration depth of bomb radiocarbon during the two decades has deepened from 900 m to 1300 m. Bomb radiocarbon inventories above the average value for the whole North Pacific were found widely in the western subtropical region around 30°N both in the 1970s and 1990s, and its area in the 1990s was broader than that in the 1970s. In most of the North Pacific, while the bomb radiocarbon has decreased above 25.4, the bomb radiocarbon flux below 25.4 was over 1 × 1012 atom m-2yr-1 in the subtropical region around 30°N. In the tropical area south of 20°N, the bomb radiocarbon inventory below 25.4 increased from zero to over 10 × 1012 atom m-2 during the last three decades. These distributions suggest that the bomb radiocarbon removed from the surface is currently accumulated with bomb 14C flux of over 1 × 1012 atom m-2yr-1 below 25.4 in the subtropical region, mainly by advection from the higher latitude, and that part of the accumulated bomb 14C gradually spread southward with about 30 years. 相似文献
16.
Abyssal currents along the northern periphery of the Shikoku Basin south of Japan were measured by current meters moored off Cape Daio-zaki, Cape Shiono-misaki and Cape Ashizuri-misaki and on the eastern foot of the northernmost part of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge. Total length of observation off Cape Shiono-misaki was about five years including the periods of the Kuroshio large meander and no meander. Analyses of current data show:
- Mean currents with a magnitude of 5–10 cm sec?1 were observed during the whole observation period at all of current meters which were set 400 m above the sea bottom that was deeper than 4,500 m. The mean current for each current meter was parallel to the local bottom contour arond each station and was toward a direction looking the Nankai Trough (a trough located along the northern end of the Shikoku Basin) to the left.
- At each station located above the shelf toe off Cape Daio-zaki and off Cape Shiono-misaki and on the foot of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge, the mean current increases with depth (a bottomward intensification of the mean current), and the vertical extent of the mean current is estimated to be about 2,000 m above the sea bottom.
- At a station located at 2,600 m depth on the continental slope off Cape Shiono-misaki, no bottom-ward intensification of currents was observed.
17.
Masahiko Fujii Fei Chai Lei Shi Hisayuki Y. Inoue Masao Ishii 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(5):689-701
The oceanic carbon cycle in the tropical-subtropical Pacific is strongly affected by various physical processes with different
temporal and spatial scales, yet the mechanisms that regulate air-sea CO2 flux are not fully understood due to the paucity of both measurement and modeling. Using a 3-D physical-biogeochemical model,
we simulate the partial pressure of CO2 in surface water (pCO2sea) and air-sea CO2 flux in the tropical and subtropical regions from 1990 to 2004. The model reproduces well the observed spatial differences
in physical and biogeochemical processes, such as: (1) relatively higher sea surface temperature (SST), and lower dissolved
inorganic carbon (DIC) and pCO2sea in the western than in the central tropical-subtropical Pacific, and (2) predominantly seasonal and interannual variations
in the subtropical and tropical Pacific, respectively. Our model results suggest a non-negligible contribution of the wind
variability to that of the air-sea CO2 flux in the central tropical Pacific, but the modeled contribution of 7% is much less than that from a previous modeling
study (30%; McKinley et al., 2004). While DIC increases in the entire region SST increases in the subtropical and western tropical Pacific but decreases
in the central tropical Pacific from 1990 to 2004. As a result, the interannual pCO2sea variability is different in different regions. The pCO2sea temporal variation is found to be primarily controlled by SST and DIC, although the role of salinity and total alkalinity,
both of which also control pCO2sea, need to be elucidated by long-term observations and eddy-permitting models for better estimation of the interannual variability
of air-sea CO2 flux. 相似文献
18.
Taro Takahashi Stewart C. Sutherland Rik Wanninkhof Colm Sweeney Richard A. Feely David W. Chipman Burke Hales Gernot Friederich Francisco Chavez Christopher Sabine Andrew Watson Dorothee C.E. Bakker Ute Schuster Nicolas Metzl Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue Masao Ishii Takashi Midorikawa Yukihiro Nojiri Arne Krtzinger Tobias Steinhoff Mario Hoppema Jon Olafsson Thorarinn S. Arnarson Bronte Tilbrook Truls Johannessen Are Olsen Richard Bellerby C.S. Wong Bruno Delille N.R. Bates Hein J.W. de Baar 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(11):2075-2076
19.
Haiqin Li Masao Kanamitsu Song-You Hong Kei Yoshimura Daniel R. Cayan Vasubandhu Misra Liqiang Sun 《Climatic change》2014,122(4):609-619
This study examines a future climate change scenario over California in a 10-km coupled regional downscaling system of the Regional Spectral Model for the atmosphere and the Regional Ocean Modeling System for the ocean forced by the global Community Climate System Model version 3.0 (CCSM3). In summer, the coupled and uncoupled downscaled experiments capture the warming trend of surface air temperature, consistent with the driving CCSM3 forcing. However, the surface warming change along the California coast is weaker in the coupled downscaled experiment than it is in the uncoupled downscaling. Atmospheric cooling due to upwelling along the coast commonly appears in both the present and future climates, but the effect of upwelling is not fully compensated for by the projected large-scale warming in the coupled downscaling experiment. The projected change of extreme warm events is quite different between the coupled and uncoupled downscaling experiments, with the former projecting a more moderate change. The projected future change in precipitation is not significantly different between coupled and uncoupled downscaling. Both the coupled and uncoupled downscaling integrations predict increased onshore sea breeze change in summer daytime and reduced offshore land breeze change in summer nighttime along the coast from the Bay area to Point Conception. Compared to the simulation of present climate, the coupled and uncoupled downscaling experiments predict 17.5 % and 27.5 % fewer Catalina eddy hours in future climate respectively. 相似文献
20.
Haiqin Li Masao Kanamitsu Song-You Hong Kei Yoshimura Daniel R. Cayan Vasubandhu Misra 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(3-4):701-714
A fully coupled regional ocean-atmosphere model system that consists of the regional spectral model and the regional ocean modeling system for atmosphere and ocean components, respectively, is applied to downscale the present climate (1985–1994) over California from a global simulation of the Community Climate System Model 3.0 (CCSM3). The horizontal resolution of the regional coupled modeling system is 10 km, while that of the CCSM3 is at a spectral truncation of T85 (approximately 1.4°). The effects of the coupling along the California coast in the boreal summer and winter are highlighted. Evaluation of the sea surface temperature (SST) and 2-m air temperature climatology shows that alleviation of the warm bias along the California coast in the global model output is clear in the regional coupled model run. The 10-m wind is also improved by reducing the northwesterly winds along the coast. The higher resolution coupling effect on the temperature and specific humidity is the largest near the surface, while the significant impact on the wind magnitude appears at a height of approximately 850-hPa heights. The frequency of the Catalina Eddy and its duration are increased by more than 60 % in the coupled downscaling, which is attributed to enhanced offshore sea-breeze. Our study indicates that coupling is vital to regional climate downscaling of mesoscale phenomena over coastal areas. 相似文献